Bananas Page 18

  15. Mabel E. Shepherd, “All about Bananas,” Horticulture 42 (February 1964), 36; Alexander F. Skutch, “Plant of Paradoxes,” Nature Magazine 12 (November 1928), 314; Charles Morrow Wilson, “Green Dragon of the Tropics,” Scientific American 162 (April 1940), 199; “Cover This Month,” 299; Middle America Information Bureau, Middle America and Bananas (New York: United Fruit, 1946/47), 1.

  16. John Wilcock, “About: Bananas,” New York Times Magazine (March 30, 1958), 53.

  17. Bezona, “Bananas for Southern Gardens,” 374; “Nothing Says Jungle Quite Like Banana,” Sunset 156 (June 1976), 78; Richard Langer, “Going Bananas” House & Garden 154 (April 1982), 68.

  18. Hill, ed., A Short History of the Banana and a Few Recipes for Its Use, 3.

  19. George L. Austin, Dr. Austin’s Indispensable Hand-Book and General Educator (Portland, Maine: George Stinson, 1885), 493.

  20. Haughton, Green Immigrants: The Plants That Transformed America, 32.

  21. Charles F. Wingate, ed., The Housekeeper: A Journal of Domestic Economy 2:8 (New York: Howard Lockwood, August 1876), 133.

  22. “Sunday School Leaflet of the American Home Missionary Society” (New York: January 1879), 33; Henry Lee, The Tourist’s Guide of Florida and the Winter Resorts of the South (New York: Charles H. Smith, 1891), 198.

  23. William Fawcett, The Banana: Its Cultivation, Distribution and Commercial Uses (London: Duckworth, 1913), 243.

  24. “Growing Bananas in Florida,” Literary Digest 79 (October 20, 1923), 76.

  25. Bolles, “Commercial Banana Growing” (c. 1924), 1.

  26. James H. Collins, “Growing Our Own Bananas: How Florida Is Establishing a New Crop,” Scientific American 131 (August 1924), 86.

  27. Bolles, “Commercial Banana Growing,” 3.

  28. Collins, “Growing Our Own Bananas: How Florida Is Establishing a New Crop,” 86.

  29. T. Ralph Robinson, “Banana Growing in Florida,” typescript, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture (July 1, 1925), 3.

  30. T. Ralph Robinson, “Banana Growing in Florida,” typescript, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture (January 15, 1934), 3.

  31. E. D. Stratton, “Bananas: Fruits, Tropical, N.O.S., Dried or Evaporated Fruits,” Association of American Railroads, Railroad Committee for the Study of Transportation, Subcommittee on Economic Study Group 4, typescript (July 24, 1946), foreword, vi.

  32. Scott U. Stambaugh, Bananas in Florida (Tallahassee: Department of Agriculture, 1952), 4.

  33. Stambaugh, Bananas in Florida, 73.

  34. John F. Mariani, The Dictionary of American Food and Drink (New Haven and New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1983), 24.

  35. Thomas G. Thrum, comp., Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891 (Honolulu: Press Publishing, 1890), 27.

  36. W. T. Pope, “Banana Culture in Hawaii” 55 (Honolulu: Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station; Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, December 1926), 1.

  37. Pope, “Banana Culture in Hawaii,” 20.

  38. Stratton, “Bananas: Fruits, Tropical, N.O.S., Dried or Evaporated Fruits,” 13.

  39. Mariani, The Dictionary of American Food and Drink, 24.

  40. Ned Geeslin, “Success Comes in Bunches for Two Californians,” People (August 8, 1988), 82; Linda Hollenhorst, “Growin’ Bananas,” Organic Gardening (September 1989), 54–56.

  41. S. Annie Frost, The Godey’s Lady’s Book Receipts and Household Hints (Philadelphia: Evans, Stoddart, 1870), 169.

  42. Sallie Joy White, Housekeepers and Home-Makers (Boston: Jordan, Marsh, 1888), 126.

  43. Todd S. Goodholme, ed., A Domestic Cyclopaedia of Practical Information (New York: Henry Holt, 1877), 14.

  44. S. D. Farrar, The Homekeeper (Boston: 1872), 125.

  45. Artemis Ward, The Grocers’ Hand-Book and Directory for 1888 (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Grocer Publishing, 1885), 18.

  46. William A. Alcott, The Young House-Keeper (Boston: George W. Light, 1838).

  47. Visitor’s Guide to the Centennial Exhibition and Philadelphia 1876 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1875), 16; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition 1876 1:7 (New York: Frank Leslie, 1876), 219.

  48. Harper’s Weekly (November 29, 1890), 935.

  49. Frederick Upham Adams, Conquest of the Tropics: The Story of the Creative Enterprises Conducted by United Fruit (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1914), 21.

  50. “Mexican Indians,” Sunday School Advocate 20:18 (June 22, 1861), 70; “Christmas in Jamaica,” Sunday School Advocate 33:13 (April 11, 1874), 52; Edward E. Hale, Sunday School Stories on the Golden Texts of the International Lessons of 1889 (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1889), 257–68.

  51. Charles F. Wingate, ed., The Housekeeper: A Journal of Domestic Economy 1:12 (New York: Howard Lockwood, November 1875), 180.

  52. Adams, Conquest of the Tropics, 23–24.

  53. Ruth H. Cloudman, The Chosen Object: European and American Still Life (Omaha: Joslyn Art Museum, 1977), iv.

  54. William H. Gerdts and Russell Burke, American Still-Life Painting (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971), 175.

  55. “Bountiful Board,” American painting 1840–1860, in the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Collection, plate 38; Four Centuries of Still Life (Allentown Art Museum Catalog, December 12, 1959–January 31, 1960); “Dessert,” Morston Constantine Ream (1840–1898), Plate 40, American Still Lifes of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Hirschl and Adler Galleries, December 1971); “Fruit and Asparagus,” William Michael Harnett, 1875, Plate 46, American Cornucopia: 19th Century Still Lifes and Studies (Pittsburgh: Carnegie-Mellon University, Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, 1976).

  56. Katharine Morrison McClinton, “The Dining Room Picture,” Spinning Wheel 34:3 (April 1978), 25.

  57. Prang’s Chromo (Boston: April, 1868), 4; L. Prang & Co.’s Catalogue for Fall, 1878 (Boston: L. Prang, 1878), 7; J. Jay Gould’s Catalogue of Chromos, Engravings, Album Gems, Lithographs, Picture Frames, Picture Books (Boston: n.d.); Globe Printing House Catalogue: Carter’s Oil Chromos, Carter’s Popular Crayons 8 (East Hampstead, New Hampshire: 1877).

  58. Ladies’ Manual of Art (Philadelphia: American Mutual Library Association, 1887), 151.

  59. “Table Garniture,” The Cook 1:15 (July 6, 1885), 7.

  60. Maria Parloa, Miss Parloa’s Kitchen Companion (Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1887), 697.

  61. S. D. Power, Anna Maria’s Housekeeping (Boston: D. Lothrop, 1884), 41.

  62. The Cook: A Weekly Handbook of Domestic Culinary Art for All Housekeepers 1:10 (June 1, 1885), 3.

  63. The Cook: A Weekly Handbook of Domestic Culinary Art For All Housekeepers 1:11 (June 8, 1885), 12.

  64. Brownlea, “The Best Banana Bred,” 22.

  65. “The Banana as the Basis of a New Industry,” Scientific American 80 (March 4, 1899), 137.

  66. Mel T. Cook, “The Banana,” Scientific American Supplement 60 (September 23, 1905), 24847.

  2. POLITICS AND BANANAS

  1. Thomas L. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit and Steamship Company in Latin America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 4.

  2. “Some Facts about Bananas,” Scientific American 75, (October 10, 1896), 284.

  3. “The Banana,” Harper’s Weekly 40 (July 25, 1896), 734.

  4. “The Banana as the Basis of a New Industry,” Scientific American 80 (March 4, 1899), 137.

  5. Leslie Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 54.

  6. Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 51.

  7. Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 54.

  8. Marina Warner, No Go the Bogeyman: Scaring, Lulling, and Making Mock (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998), 357; “Yes, They Sell More Bananas,” Business Week (July 8, 1967), 94.

  9. Philip Keep Reynolds, The Banana: Its History, Cultivation, and Place among Staple Foods (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927), 1
54.

  10. Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 52.

  11. Middle America Information Bureau, “Middle America and Bananas” (New York: United Fruit), 1946/47, 7.

  12. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 11.

  13. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 10–11.

  14. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 29.

  15. Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 54.

  16. Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 51.

  17. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, xi.

  18. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 291.

  19. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 294.

  20. Henry F. Pringle, “A Jonah Who Swallowed the Whale: S. Zemurray,” American Magazine 116 (September 1933), 114.

  21. Bethell, ed. Central America since Independence, 51.

  22. Pringle, “A Jonah Who Swallowed the Whale: S. Zemurray,” 45; Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 178.

  23. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 178.

  24. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 52.

  25. New York Times (July 1, 1913), 11.

  26. New York Times (July 2, 1913), 8.

  27. New York Times (July 12, 1913), 3.

  28. New York Times (July 12, 1913), 3.

  29. New York Times (July 12, 1913), 6.

  30. New York Times (July 23, 1913), 7.

  31. New York Times (July 30, 1913), 6.

  32. New York Times (August 28, 1913), 10.

  33. New York Times (September 11, 1913), 5.

  34. New York Times (September 17, 1913), 8.

  35. Frederick Upham Adams, Conquest of the Tropics: The Story of the Creative Enterprises Conducted by United Fruit (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1914), 342.

  36. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 57.

  37. “20,000 Bunches Bananas Brought from Colombia,” Boston Globe (July 15, 1918), 12.

  38. “First Jamaican Bananas in Months,” Boston Globe (November 9, 1918), 6.

  39. Cartoon, Boston Globe (July 16, 1998), 6.

  40. Beverly Thomas Galloway, “Suggestions and Comments on Banana Growing and Some Related Subjects” (typescript, July 6, 1927).

  41. “United Fruit: 50,000,000 Bunches Boost 1935 Profits,” Newsweek 5 (March 30, 1935), 34.

  42. “United Fruit: 50,000,000 Bunches Boost 1935 Profits,” 34.

  43. “Bananas Are Back,” Time (March 18, 1946), 38.

  44. “Bananas Are Back,” 40.

  45. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 207

  46. E. D. Stratton, “Bananas: Fruits, Tropical, N.O.S., Dried or Evaporated Fruits,” Association of American Railroads, Railroad Committee for the Study of Transportation, Subcommittee on Economic Study Group 4, typescript (July 24, 1946), 13.

  47. Stratton, “Bananas: Fruits, Tropical, N.O.S., Dried or Evaporated Fruits,” 13

  48. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 247.

  49. John H. Melville, The Great White Fleet (New York: Vantage Press, 1976), 179.

  50. “Bananas Are Back,” 38.

  51. Stratton, “Bananas: Fruits, Tropical, N.O.S., Dried or Evaporated Fruits,” v.

  52. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 210; Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 199.

  53. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 144.

  54. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 165.

  55. Philippe Bourgois, Ethnicity at Work: Divided Labor on a Central American Banana Plantation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 16.

  56. Charles Morrow Wilson, “Green Dragon of the Tropics,” Scientific American 162 (April 1940), 199.

  57. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 180.

  58. George C. Compton, “The Banana Business,” Americas 8 (July 1956), 33; Wilson, “Green Dragon of the Tropics,” 200.

  59. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 80; “United Fruit: 50,000,000 Bunches Boost 1935 Profits,” 36.

  60. E-mail communication from Steve Marquardt, University of Washington (December 12, 1997).

  61. Eleanor Lothrop, “Banana from Ground to Grocer,” Natural History 65 (November 1956) 463; Wilson, “Green Dragon of the Tropics,” 201.

  62. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 187.

  63. Tom Gill, “You’ve Got To Go after It: Trip in Search of Facts about Central America’s Banana Industry,” American Magazine 128 (September 1939), 90; Wilson, “Green Dragon of the Tropics,” 201.

  64. “Engineering Better Bananas,” Popular Science (August 1946), 112; “Bananas Are Back,” 40.

  65. Philip T. Leonard, “Banana Highball,” Travel (March 1949), 26.

  66. Lothrop, “Banana from Ground to Grocer,” 501; Leonard, “Banana Highball,” 27.

  67. R. H. Stover and N. W. Simmonds, Bananas (New York: Longman Scientific and Technical, 1987), 423.

  68. Donald R. Strong, “Banana’s Best Friend,” Natural History 93 (December 1984), 55–56.

  69. Shannon Brownlea, “The Best Banana Bred,” Atlantic 264 (September 1989), 24; Eleena De Lisser, “Bananas You Love on Your Cornflakes Are in Some Danger,” Wall Street Journal (April 10, 1995), 1.

  70. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 68; R. E. B. McKenney, “Central American Banana Blight,” Science 31 (May 13, 1910), 750; Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 53.

  71. Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 53.

  72. Bethell, ed., Central America since Independence, 90.

  73. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 426.

  74. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 423, 426.

  75. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 426.

  76. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 424, 425.

  78. De Lisser, “Bananas You Love on Your Cornflakes Are in Some Danger,” 1.

  79. Brownlea, “The Best Banana Bred,” 24.

  80. “Can a Banana Splice Save the Banana Split?” Discover 8 (August 1987), 7.

  81. De Lisser, “Bananas You Love on Your Cornflakes Are in Some Danger,” 1.

  82. De Lisser, “Bananas You Love on Your Cornflakes Are in Some Danger,” 13.

  83. Mother Jones (June 1989), 22–27.

  84. Carole Sugarman, “Small Amount of Tainted Bananas Found,” Washington Post (June 5, 1991), A14; Maura Dolan, “Bananas To Be Monitored for Pesticide Level,” Los Angeles Times (June 13, 1991), A1.

  85. “Living on Earth,” National Public Radio, August 1992.

  86. “Better Bananas,” Maine Organic Farmer and Gardener (March/April 1993), 7.

  87. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 431.

  88. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 430.

  89. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 431.

  90. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 425.

  91. Lisa Mirabile, ed., International Directory of Company Histories 2 (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990), 596.

  92. Mirabile, ed., International Directory of Company Histories, 596.

  93. Mirabile, ed., International Directory of Company Histories, 596.

  94. Mirabile, ed., International Directory of Company Histories, 596.

  95. William Braznell, California’s Finest: The History of Del Monte Corporation and the Del Monte Brand (Del Monte Corporation, 1982), 160.

  96. Thomas Bancroft, “A New Kind of Cash Cow,” Forbes (October 14, 1991), 52.

  97. Bancroft, “A New Kind of Cash Cow,” 54.

  98. Bancroft, “A New Kind of Cash Cow,” 52.

  99. Bancroft, “A New Kind of Cash Cow,” 52.

  100. “Bitter Truth Behind Bananas,” TransAfrica Forum Update (November–December 1996).

  101. Nora Boustany, “Yes, We Have No Banana Pact,” Washington Post (November 20, 1998), A50.

  102. Nora Boustany, “Yes, We Have No Banana Pact,” A50.

  103. Michael A. Samuels, “Beef Wars,” Washington Post (July 13, 1999), A19.

  104. http://enquirer.com/chiquita/news.html (May 29, 1998).

  105. John Ward Anderson, “Mitch Left Honduras a Republic without Bananas,” Washington Post (November 19, 1988), A39.

  106. John Ward Anderson, “Tropical Storm Mitch Uprooted Crops, Lives,” Washington
Post (November 19, 1998), A40.

  3. TRANSPORTING BANANAS

  1. “Three Thousand Million Bananas a Year,” Review of Reviews, American 44 (July 1911), 99; John F. Mariani, The Dictionary of American Food and Drink (New Haven and New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1983), 24; Waverly Root and Richard deRochemont, Eating in America: A History (New York: Morrow, 1976), 154.

  2. Mariani, The Dictionary of American Food and Drink, 24.

  3. Root and deRochemont, Eating in America: A History, 154.

  4. Bananas (Washington, D.C.: Pan American Union, 1956), 5.

  5. B. Roueche, “The Humblest Fruit,” New Yorker 49 (October 1, 1973), 43.

  6. Bananas, 5.

  7. Janet McKenzie Hill, ed., A Short History of the Banana and a Few Recipes for Its Use (United Fruit, 1904), 4.

  8. Thomas L. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit and Steamship Company in Latin America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 9, 11.

  9. Roueche, “The Humblest Fruit,” 43.

  10. Hill, ed. A Short History of the Banana and a Few Recipes for Its Use, 7.

  11. “Reply of United Fruit to Statement Addressed to the Committee on Interstate Commerce of the United States Senate by Everett Wheeler and John W. Griffin of Counsel for American Banana Company” (c. 1908), 3.

  12. “Reply of United Fruit to Statement,” 11.

  13. Thomas Ewing Dabney, “Mechanical Stevedore That Handles Bananas,” Scientific American 123 (November 27, 1920), 558.

  14. “Unloading Bananas by Machinery,” Scientific American Supplement 79 (April 3, 1915), 209.

  15. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 30.

  16. “Unloading Bananas by Machinery,” 209.

  17. Dabney, “Mechanical Stevedore That Handles Bananas,” 549.

  18. Education Department, The Story of the Banana, 39.

  19. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 9.

  20. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 7.

  21. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 7; United Fruit (Boston: Edgerly and Crocker, 1902), 5.

  22. Grace Agnes Thompson, “The Story of a Great New England Enterprise,” New England Magazine 53 (May 1915), 12.

  23. Hill, ed., A Short History of the Banana and a Few Recipes for Its Use, 6.

  24. Roueche, “The Humblest Fruit,” 44.

  25. Hill, ed., A Short History of the Banana and a Few Recipes for Its Use, 89.