Bananas Page 19

  26. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 346.

  27. “United Fruit: 50,000,000 Bunches Boost 1935 Profits,” Newsweek 5 (March 30, 1935), 35.

  28. United Fruit, 2.

  29. Hill, A Short History of the Banana and a Few Recipes for Its Use, 31.

  30. Julius Chambers, A Happy Month in Jamaica, United Fruit’s Steamship Lines (c. 1915), no page numbers.

  31. “Great White Fleet,” Pan-American Magazine (December 1918), inside front cover.

  32. William McFee, The Gates of the Caribbean: The Story of a Great White Fleet Caribbean Cruise (United Fruit Steamship Service, 1922), 24.

  33. General Instructions for the Information and Guidance of All Employees (Boston: United Fruit, 1929), 81.

  34. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 170.

  35. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 191.

  36. United Fruit advertisement, Fortune (March 1933), 10.

  37. Bananas Are Back,” Time (March 18, 1946), 38.

  38. UF Report 4, 1954, 27.

  39. George A. Peltz, ed., The Housewife’s Library (Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City: Hubbard Brothers, 1883), 201.

  40. The Cook: A Weekly Handbook of Domestic Culinary Art for All Housekeepers 1:12 (June 15, 1885), 8.

  41. Marion Harland, Breakfast, Dinner and Supper: How To Cook and How To Serve Them (New York: George J. McLeod, 1897), 201.

  42. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 20.

  43. “The Banana,” Harper’s Weekly 40 (July 25, 1896), 734.

  44. “United Fruit: 50,000,000 Bunches Boost 1935 Profits,” 35.

  45. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 28.

  46. “Fruit Dispatch Company 1898–1923,” Fruit Dispatch 9:8 (December 1923), 369.

  47. “Three Thousand Million Bananas a Year,” Review of Reviews, American 44 (July 1911), 102.

  48. “Fruit Dispatch Company 1898–1923,” 370.

  49. E. D. Stratton, “Bananas: Fruits, Tropical, N.O.S., Dried or Evaporated Fruits,” Association of American Railroads, Railroad Committee for the Study of Transportation, Subcommittee on Economic Study Group 4, typescript (July 24, 1946), x.

  50. Philip Keep Reynolds, The Banana: Its History, Cultivation and Place among Staple Foods (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927), 96.

  51. “Fruit Dispatch Company 1898–1923,” 370.

  52. Education Department, The Story of the Banana, 40.

  53. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 51.

  54. Education Department, The Story of the Banana, 41.

  55. Reynolds, The Banana: Its History, Cultivation and Place among Staple Foods, 95.

  56. G. Harold Powell, “The Handling of Fruit for Transportation,” Year Book (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1905), 359.

  57. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 8.

  58. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 25.

  59. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 25.

  60. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 165.

  61. Education Department, The Story of the Banana, 41.

  62. William R. Childs, Trucking and the Public Interest (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985),19.

  63. Mary Beth Norton, et al., A People and a Nation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 745.

  64. Childs, Trucking and the Public Interest, 20.

  65. “Top Banana,” Fortune (May 1953), 166.

  66. Childs, Trucking and the Public Interest, 21.

  4. SELLING BANANAS

  1. Frederick Upham Adams, Conquest of the Tropics: The Story of the Creative Enterprises Conducted by United Fruit (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1914), 75.

  2. Adams, Conquest of the Tropics, 73.

  3. “Unloading a Banana Steamer,” Harper’s Weekly 38 (April 21, 1894), 366.

  4. “The Banana,” Harper’s Weekly 40 (July 25, 1896), 734.

  5. “Unloading a Banana Steamer,” 366.

  6. “Unloading a Banana Steamer,” 366.

  7. Artemis Ward, The Grocers’ Hand-Book and Directory for 1886 (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Grocer Publishing, 1885), 18.

  8. “Fruit Dispatch Company 1898–1923,” Fruit Dispatch 9:8 (December 1923), 301.

  9. G. Harold Powell, “The Handling of Fruit for Transportation,” Year Book (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1905), 349.

  10. United Fruit (Boston: Edgerly and Crocker, 1902), 5.

  11. “Fruit Dispatch Company 1898–1923,” 362.

  12. “United Fruit: 50,000,000 Bunches Boost 1935 Profits,” Newsweek 5 (March 30, 1935), 35.

  13. Eleanor Lothrop, “Banana from Ground to Grocer,” Natural History 65 (November 1956), 503.

  14. Equipment Department, Banana Ripening Manual, Circular 14 (New York: Fruit Dispatch Company, 1933), 9.

  15. Stephanie Witt Sedgwick, “Yes! We Have Nice Bananas,” Washington Post (February 3, 1999), F1.

  16. Philip K. Reynolds, The Story of the Banana (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923), 26.

  17. Education Department, The Story of the Banana (Boston: United Fruit, 1936), 44.

  18. Philip Keep Reynolds, The Banana: Its History, Cultivation and Place among Staple Foods (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927), 98.

  19. The Story of the Banana (3d rev. ed., Boston: United Fruit, 1925), 42.

  20. Personal communication, Ann Lovell, curator of the Banana Museum, Auburn, Washington, August 1995.

  21. E. D. Stratton, “Bananas: Fruits, Tropical, N.O.S., Dried or Evaporated Fruits,” Association of American Railroads, Railroad Committee for the Study of Transportation, Subcommittee on Economic Study group 4, typescript (July 24, 1946), 27.

  22. Hugh M. Smith, Wendell E. Clement, William S. Hoofnagle, “Merchandising of Selected Food Items in Grocery Stores,” Marketing Research Report 111, Agricultural Marketing Service (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., February 1956), 2.

  23. Paul Franklin Shaffer, “Produce Packaging at the Central Warehouse—Bananas,” Agricultural Research Service, New Series ARS 52-7 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, October 1965), 3.

  24. Thomas L. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise: Standard Fruit and Steamship Company in Latin America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 183.

  25. “Methods, Equipment, and Facilities for Receiving, Ripening, and Packing Bananas,” Marketing Research Report 92, Agricultural Marketing Service (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., June 1955), 1.

  26. Chiquita advertisement, Restaurants & Institutions (April 3, 1991), 153.

  27. Dole advertisement, Restaurants & Institutions (April 3, 1991), 147.

  28. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 284.

  29. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 287.

  30. R. H. Stover and N. W. Simmonds, Bananas (New York: Longman Scientific and Technical, 1987), 423.

  31. Karnes, Tropical Enterprise, 285.

  32. Laura Shapiro, Perfection Salad: Women and Cooking at the Turn of the Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986), 231.

  33. “Fruit Dispatch Company 1898–1923,” 365.

  34. “Scientific Market Research Brief for Fruit Dispatch Company” (December 1929, typescript, no page numbers).

  35. Proof of 1930 Advertising, Exhibit B, Scientific Market Research Brief for Fruit Dispatch Company (December 1929, typescript, no page numbers).

  36. “Chiquita Goes to School,” U.F. Report 2 (1954), 1.

  37. Home Economics Department, A Study of the Banana: Its Every-Day Use and Food Value (New York: United Fruit, 1939), 4.

  38. Classroom in Sublette, Kansas, April 1941, photograph by Irving Rusinow for the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Division of Economic Information, Community Studies Photographs, RG 83-G, Still Picture Branch, National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

  39. “Chiquita Goes to School,” 2.

  40. Unifruitco 21:3 (United Fruit, June/July 1962), 2.

  41. Unifruitco, 2.

  42. Unifruit
co 27:1 (United Fruit, January 31, 1969, 7).

  43. Unifruitco 25:10 (United Fruit, October 31, 1967), 7.

  44. Sara Olkon, “Wanted: A Person Who Can Sing While Wearing a Bowl of Fruit,” Wall Street Journal (May 4, 1994), B1.

  45. Laura Bird, “Chiquita’s Ad Archive: The Picture of Health,” Adweek’s Marketing Week (January 7, 1991), 32.

  46. Warren Dotz, Advertising Character Collectibles (Paducah, Kentucky: Collector Books, 1993), 34.

  47. Olkon, “Wanted: A Person Who Can Sing While Wearing a Bowl of Fruit,” B1; David Widner, “America’s Going Bananas,” Reader’s Digest (July 1986), 118.

  48. U.F. Report 2 (1954), 3.

  49. Anna May Wilson, “Forbidden Fruit?” Today’s Health (May 1951), 51.

  50. “Bananas, Always in Season,” Southern Living (March 1983), 226.

  51. Unifruitco 21:3, 4.

  52. “Yes, They Sell More Bananas,” Business Week (July 8, 1967), 92.

  53. Stover and Simmonds, Bananas, 427.

  54. Sales Newsletter 3:1 (Boston: United Fruit Sales Corporation, January 1964), 2.

  55. Unifruitco 23:7, 3.

  56. Unifruitco 24:1, 1.

  57. Unifruitco 24:5, 7.

  58. Unifruitco 24:9, 2, 3; The Workbasket 17:4 (January 1952), 73.

  59. Bird, “Chiquita’s Ad Archive: The Picture of Health,” 33.

  60. “Chiquita’s Ad Archive: The Picture of Health,” 33.

  61. New York Times (July 8, 1992), D1.

  62. Olkon, “Wanted: A Person Who Can Sing While Wearing a Bowl of Fruit,” B1.

  63. Unifruitco 24:10, 1.

  64. Chiquita Brand Bananas, Parents Magazine (September 1967), 52.

  65. Unifruitco 23:7, 1.

  66. Unifruitco 23:15, 6.

  67. “The Great Outdoors Offer from Chiquita,” Ebony (July 1977), 135.

  68. Bird, “Chiquita’s Ad Archive: The Picture of Health,” 32.

  69. Bird, “Chiquita’s Ad Archive: The Picture of Health,” 33.

  70. Bird, “Chiquita’s Ad Archive: The Picture of Health,” 32.

  71. Fara Warner, “Surprise! Chiquita Advises: Eat Bananas,” Adweek’s Marketing Week (April 29, 1991), 8.

  72. New York Times (August 22, 1992), 35.

  73. “Marketing Turns Castoff into Top Lunch Bananas,” New York Times (August 22, 1992), 35L.

  74. James B. Twitchell, AdCult USA: The Triumph of Advertising in American Culture (New York: Columbia University Press), 1996.

  5. PERIL AND PANACEA

  1. E. B. Duffey, The Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Etiquette: A Complete Manual of the Manners and Dress of American Society (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1877), 144.

  2. George A. Peltz, ed., The Housewife’s Library (Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, and Kansas City: Hubbard Brothers, 1883), 201.

  3. Maria Parloa, Home Economics (New York: The Century, 1898, 227.

  4. Maria Parloa, First Principles of Household Management and Cookery (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1882), 45.

  5. (Mrs.) D. A. Lincoln, Mrs Lincoln’s Boston Cook Book (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1888), 391.

  6. Catherine Owen, “Cheap Living in Cities,” The Home-Maker 2:2 (May 1889), 126.

  7. Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: the Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Viking Press, 1985), 76.

  8. Joseph B. Lyman and Laura E. Lyman, The Philosophy of House-Keeping (Hartford: Goodwin and Betts, 1867), 304.

  9. (Mrs.) S. T. Rorer, Good Cooking (Philadelphia: Curtis Publishing, 1898), 213.

  10. “Our Baby In June,” Housekeeper’s Weekly (June 4, 1892), 8.

  11. “To the Police Force,” The Cook 1:13 (June 22, 1885), 4.

  12. Mary Ellen Chase, A Goodly Heritage (New York: Henry Holt, 1932), 167–68.

  13. “Bananas as Food,” Marylander and Herald (Princess Anne, Maryland, January 25, 1916).

  14. “Cook Your Bananas,” Literary Digest 56 (February 16, 1918), 22.

  15. “What Do You Know about It?” Ladies Home Journal 45 (March 1928), 48.

  16. Samuel C. Prescott, “Consider The Banana,” Good Housekeeping 65 (October 1917), 79.

  17. “What Do You Know about It?” Ladies Home Journal, 48.

  18. Mary Corbin Sies, “The Domestic Mission of the Privileged American Suburban Homemaker, 1877–1917: A Reassessment” in Making The American Home: Middle-Class Women and Domestic Material Culture 1840–1940, ed. Marilyn Ferris Motz and Pat Browne (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University/Popular Press, 1988), 196.

  19. Laura Shapiro, Perfection Salad: Women and Cooking at the Turn of the Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986), 5.

  20. Glenna Matthews, “Just a Housewife:” The Rise and Fall of Domesticity in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 149.

  21. Ann Hertzler, “Food and Nutrition: Integrative Themes and Content,” Definitive Themes in Home Economics and Their Impact on Families 1909–1984 (Washington, D.C.: American Home Economics Association, 1984), 73.

  22. Phyllis Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt: Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920–1945 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 53.

  23. Kenneth L. Burden and Robert Williams, Microbiology (New York: Macmillan, 1964), 38.

  24. Isaac Asimov, How Did We Find Out about Vitamins? (New York: Walker, 1974), 15.

  25. H. W. Conn, Bacteria, Yeasts, and Molds in the Home (3d rev. ed., Boston: Ginn, 1932), v.

  26. Winifred Wishard, “Bananas, The Mainstay of the Menu,” Pictorial Review 28 (April 1927), 39.

  27. “Cook Your Bananas,” 22.

  28. Prescott, “Consider the Banana,” 79.

  29. “What Do You Know about It?” 48.

  30. “The Banana—A Fruit in a Sterile Package,” Journal of the American Medical Association 60 (January 18, 1913), 209.

  31. Skinner, Sherman, and Esselen, The Food Value of the Banana (Boston: W. M. Leonard, 1926), 8.

  32. “Food Prejudices and Food Facts,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 89 (November 5, 1927), 1608.

  33. “What Do You Know about It?” 48.

  34. Victor C. Myers and Anton R. Rose, “Report on the Food Value of the Banana,” Journal of the American Medical Association (Chicago, April 7, 1917), 1022.

  35. Education Department, The Story of the Banana (5th ed., Boston: United Fruit, 1929), 37.

  36. Mintz, Sweetness and Power, 134.

  37. Skinner, Sherman, and Esselen, The Food Value of the Banana, 17.

  38. “The Nutritive Value of the Banana,” Journal of the American Medical Association 71 (December 28, 1918), 2158.

  39. Asimov, How Did We Find Out about Vitamins? 31.

  40. Walter H. Eddy and Minerva Kellogg, “The Place of The Banana in the Diet,” American Journal of Public Health 17 (January 1927), 31.

  41. “What Do You Know about It?” 48.

  42. Nell B. Nichols, “Bananas for the Underweight,” Parents Magazine 5 (October 1930), 38.

  43. Committee on Foods, “United Fruit Advertising Campaign for Bananas,” Journal of the American Medical Association 97 (December 19, 1931), 1890.

  44. Lotta Jean Bogert, Dietary Uses of the Banana in Health and Disease (New York: United Fruit, 1935), 32.

  45. Burdon and Williams, Microbiology, 615.

  46. Michael E. Teller, The Tuberculosis Movement: A Public Health Campaign in the Progressive Era (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988), 1.

  47. Teller, The Tuberculosis Movement: A Public Health Campaign in the Progressive Era, 43.

  48. Hilbert F. Day, “Sunshine Camp in Cambridge,” Journal of the National Education Association 57 (June 1928), 169.

  49. Lotta Jean Bogert, Dietary Uses of the Banana in Health and Disease (New York: United Fruit, 1935), 32.

  50. Day, “Sunshine Camp in Cambridge,” 250.

  51. Education Department, The Story of the Banana, 38.

  52. Albert W. Fellows, “The Summer
Day Camp of Bangor,” Maine Medical Journal 26 (1935), 18.

  53. John J. McNamara, “Lowell Fights Undernourishment among Its School Children,” American Journal of Public Health 19 (1929), 605.

  54. J. Cyril Eby, “Malnutrition,” Southern Medical Journal 23 (1930), 842.

  55. Frank Ryan, The Forgotten Plague: How the Battle Against Tuberculosis Was Won—and Lost (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), 28.

  56. Ryan, The Forgotten Plague, xvi.

  57. “Bananas Are Good for Children,” Hygeia 17 (October 1939), 960.

  58. Ladies Home Journal (April 1976), 127.

  59. United Fruit Research Department, Nutritive and Therapeutic Values of the Banana: A Digest of Scientific Literature (Boston: G. H. Company, 1936), 25.

  60. “What Do You Know about It?” 48.

  61. Victor C. Myers and Anton R. Rose, “Report on the Food Value of the Banana,” Journal of the American Medical Association (Chicago: April 7, 1917), 1024.

  62. Nutritive and Therapeutic Values of the Banana: A Digest of Scientific Literature (Boston: United Fruit Research Department, 1936), 5.

  63. “Banana—Cure for Childhood Disease,” Literary Digest 113 (June 25, 1932), 24.

  64. Robert Berkow, ed., Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (Rahway: Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1982), 775.

  65. “Bananas Are Essential to Diet in Celiac Disease,” Hygeia: The Health Magazine 10 (September 1932), 854.

  66. “Banana Priorities,” Newsweek 20 (August 10, 1942), 57.

  67. Lotta Jean Bogert, Dietary Uses of the Banana in Health and Disease (New York: United Fruit, 1935), 32.

  68. “Banana Priorities,” 57.

  69. “Banana Priorities,” 57.

  70. “Banana Priorities,” 57.

  71. “Yes, We Have No Bananas, But Babies Need Not Suffer,” Science Newsletter 42 (August 8, 1942), 87.

  72. Jane Nickerson, “Bananas—Cooked,” New York Times Magazine (September 14, 1947), 42.

  73. “Antibiotic from Bananas,” Science Newsletter 55 (April 23, 1949), 260.

  74. T. Philip Waalkes et al., “Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Related Compounds in Bananas,” Science 127 (March 21, 1958), 649.

  75. “Chemicals in Bananas,” Science Newsletter 73 (April 5, 1958), 215.

  76. Carol Keough, “The Beautiful Banana,” Organic Gardening 26 (January 1979), 139.